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A team of researchers led by Prof. Ahn Yeong-hwan (Departments of Physics and Energy Systems Research, pictured) has succeeded in creating a new quantum energy level using a material that is expected to become central to next-generation solar cells.The team’s work was published in the September issue of Nano Letters (IF = 12.344) with the title, “Phonon-Polaritons in Lead Halide Perovskite Film Hybridized with THz Metamaterials.” The team included other Ajou faculty members, including professors Ha Na-young, Park Ji-yong and Lee Soon-il, all with the Department of Physics, as well as Prof. Kim Dai-sik of the Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST). Kim Hwan-sik, doctoral candidate in physics at Ajou, also participated as first author.The team created a hybrid of the perovskite film and the metamaterial used to create invisibility cloaks and tested how light in the terahertz range, between infrared rays and microwaves, behaved on it. The perovskite used for this particular experiment was a lead halide type, widely expected to become the central material of much more efficient solar cells in the future.The perovskite hybrid, in its oscillating mode, reacted strongly with the electronic waves concentrated in the meta-structure, giving rise to a new phonon-polariton energy level. An energy level is the value of energy at its atomic and molecular levels. It refers to the level of energy that electrons absorb or release.The team also demonstrated that the new energy level varies depending on numerous conditions or variables. The most important of these variables is crystallinity of the perovskite film. The team discovered, for the first time in the world, that the dynamics of the phonon-polariton energy level vary by the nanocrystal growth dimensionality (one-, two-, or three-dimensional). The team also succeeded in introducing a new model for explaining the interaction between nanocrystals that grow over time and light. Prof. Ahn explained: “Our latest discovery can be applied to assessment of the crystal structure of next-generation solar cell films as well as optimization of their efficiency. Through follow-up research on the perovskite-metamaterial hybrid, we were also able to find lighting sources for future quantum optics.”The project was made possible in part thanks to the Mid-career Researcher Program, co-managed by the Ministry of Science and ICT and the National Research Foundation of Korea, and Korea Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP)’s Energy Workforce Development Program.THz 파THz raysMAPbl3 페로브스카이트MAPbl3 perovskite메타물질Metamaterial강한 상호작용Strong reaction페로브스카이트PerovskiteMechanism of the new energy level based on the perovskite film-metamaterial hybrid
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Using an engineered silk protein, a team of researchers led by Prof. Kim Sung-hwan (Departments of Physics and Energy Systems Research) has succeeded in developing artificial tissues capable of generating energy. The invention is expected to accelerate the development of next-generation healthcare devices that can be incorporated into existing human tissues.Prof. Kim’s human-friendly artificial skin, made of an engineered silk protein and capable of harvesting electric energy from human motions, was published in the August 23 online issue of Nano Energy, a renowned international publication, and entitled, “Self-powered artificial skin made of engineered silk protein hydrogel.”There is a fast-growing body of research worldwide on materials for next-generation electronic healthcare devices for human-machine interfacing. Such devices are to detect and analyze vital signs automatically, and developing them requires electronic materials that can provide as much flexibility and elasticity as actual human skin. Countless researchers have thus dedicated themselves to developing materials and devices that combine flexible substrates with electrodes and electronics to read and analyze various vital signs from the human body. These materials are today known as electronic skin.It is crucial for electronic skin devices to run on their own, without relying on outside power sources. One way to achieve this is to develop a piezoelectric energy-harvesting mechanism capable of transforming differences in pressure resulting from the wearer’s motions into electric energy. Existing piezoelectric materials are mostly inorganic oxides whose crystalline structures are capable of high levels of piezoelectricity. The majority of these materials, however, are neither skin-friendly nor flexible enough to serve as a second skin for humans. Materials with sufficient flexibility, on the other hand, lack the needed piezoelectric capability. When pressure hits and deforms the existing molecular structure of a given substance, electric charges arise in parts of that substance, which can be harvested to generate energy. The greater the quantity of charges generated due to structural deformation, the more piezoelectric the substance is. Therefore, flexible materials, by definition, fare worse than hard ones in piezoelectric energy generation.Prof. Kim’s team sought to resolve this problem with proteins—particularly silk proteins available from natural sources—as they are a core component of the skin. Silkworm-derived proteins are a skin-friendly and high-molecular biomaterial with superior physical and chemical properties. In an effort to transform the silk protein at the molecular level, the team applied glycerol and created a transparent and flexible hydrogel film. The resulting product is similar to human skin, taking the research community a step closer to finding an ideal artificial electronic counterpart.Prof. Kim’s team, moreover, combined the transparent silk protein with a zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorod to maximize the material’s piezoelectric performance. This ensures that a wearable device made with the new material would stay comfortably on the wearer’s skin and reliably harvest electric energy from the wearer’s motions, including touches and flexing of the joints. The team indeed demonstrated that its piezoelectric material can harvest sufficient amounts of energy from normal human motions to charge and operate small electronic devices, such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and blood oximeters. Accordingly, the team’s invention can be applied to a variety of sensors, including those for electronics and human motion detectors.Prof. Kim explained: “Although there has been significant progress in research on harvesting energy from the human body, the problems related to human-machine interfacing has comparatively been neglected. My team and I have found a clue in proteins, which compose the natural skin, to develop interfaces capable of bridging the material difference between the human body and electronic devices.”He added: “Our project is significant in that our invention can help increase the application of biomaterials to a variety of electronic devices. We hope to see our product applied to a wide range of healthcare products and soft robotics in the future.”[Description] A conceptual diagram of Prof. Kim’s self-powered artificial skin. It can be attached to human skin to capture and harvest energy from the wearer’s motions. The amount of energy so harvested is enough to operate small devices.
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The Roundtable for the Presidents of SoftWare Centric Universities, organized by the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT), took place digitally on September 3, and was livestreamed via Naver Channel. For Ajou, University President Park Hyung-ju and SoftWare Centric University Program Group Leader Ryu Ki-Yeol, participated.The roundtable shared the achievements made by the participating universities and discussed future direction for the program. Also in attendance were MSIT Minister Choi Ki-young and the presidents of 12 other universities. The participants discussed the trajectories and achievements of their respective projects and exchanged views on how the program should be run in the future.Park disclosed at the roundtable that Ajou University, under its vision of realizing “education centered on self-directed projects,” is striving to educate and train personnel equipped to solve problems creatively—a skill needed for the Fourth Industrial Revolution. He also explained that, to that end, the University (1) is providing a dual-track education structure tailored to the needs of majoring students and non-majors, and (2) has created the Department of AI Convergence for undergraduates and the Department of Artificial Intelligence for graduates, focusing on providing competency-oriented education demanded by industry and rapidly-changing learning environments.Park emphasized: “Utilizing Ajou’s strengths in software and engineering as well as the knowledge it has gained so far through its participation in the SoftWare Centric University Program, we will make Ajou a leader in the hyperconnected AI age we live in today.”The SoftWare Centric University Program was introduced to promote software innovation in higher education toward training a stronger national workforce and enhancing the competitiveness of students, businesses, and society at large. Ajou University has been an active participant for the last six years (since 2015). The MSIT supports each participating university with an annual budget of KRW 2 billion.
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Ajou University has entered the 800th-to-601st range in the 2021 Times Higher Education (THE) World University Rankings, jumping 200 ranks since last year, making it the eighth-highest ranked university in Korea.UK-based Times Higher Education, along with Quacquarelli Symonds (QX), ranks over 1,500 institutions of higher education worldwide every year, and released the 2021 rankings on September 3 this year.The rankings include the 1,500 top-ranked universities in 93 countries around the globe. Ranked for the first time in the 800th-to-601st range, Ajou found itself more than 200 ranks above where it was last year. Its rankings rose across all categories of evaluation, but the biggest jump was observed in research. This is thanks to the University’s steadfast efforts to enhance its capabilities in this area, by (1) introducing awards for quality research papers, (2) providing significant research grants for new faculty members (up to KRW 100 million in sciences and engineering, and KRW 50 million in the humanities and social sciences), (3) making the quality of research part of the qualifications for faculty member promotion and reward, and (4) adding new qualitative criteria to the standard used to appoint and promote faculty members.University President Park Hyung-ju commented: “A university’s strength lies in its research capabilities. At Ajou, we are committed to attracting talented individuals to our faculty, introducing sustainable programs, and providing a comprehensive range of support for researchers.”THE World University Rankings 2021 ranked 1,527 universities in 93 countries worldwide, rating them according to 13 indicators across five areas: learning conditions, research, citations, industrial-academic collaboration, and globalization. The University of Oxford topped the list, followed by Stanford University, Harvard University, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). The highest-ranked Korean universities include Seoul National University (60th), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST, 96th), Sungkyunkwan University (101st), POSTECH (151st), Korea University (167th), the Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (176th), and Yonsei University (187th).Ajou also managed to rise further in this year’s QS World University Rankings, released in June, marking its rise for two years in a row, and landing it in the 560th-to-551st range. Having jumped more than 100 places in the past two years, Ajou has become the Korean university making the quickest ascent.
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A team of Ajou scientists has developed a near infrared ray (NIR) photodetector capable of detecting deterioration and damage in human muscle structures. The new device is expected to have many applications, including medical imaging equipment that requires highly sensitive and efficient sensors.The team, led by (Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering / Graduate Dept. of Energy Systems, pictured), has developed a new image sensing device using alternating current photovoltaic effects, which offer high detectivity and rapid rise/decay time. The development was introduced in an article entitled, “Broadband alternating current photovoltaic effect: An application for high-performance sensing and imaging body aches” in the August 29 online issue of Nano Energy (IF = 16.602). The team includes Prof. Park Ji-yong yong (Dept. of Physics / Graduate Dept. of Energy Systems Research), Prof. Kim Sang-wan (Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering), and Dr. Mohit Kumar (first author).Photodetectors, which convert light into electric signals, have so far been associated with solar energy cells. But these devices have much broader application, as they are essential not only in new and renewable energy, but also smartphones, the Internet of Things (IoT), and optical communications. Lately, there has also been growing interest in developing medical applications as well, as photodetectors can help make diagnosis and ongoing monitoring of patients far easier. Industries and academia alike have been particularly interested in photodetector technology that can facilitate the imaging of damage to muscles inside the human body. Photodetectors are already being used in assessing patients with advanced-degree burns.Photodetector researchers, in turn, have been paying attention to NIRs, as they are expected to minimize further damage to the body by light and enable the detector to sense at greater depths of internal tissues and organs. As a result, there has been great demand for high-performance photodetectors capable of detecting even the slightest changes in NIR signals. Such photodetectors would also have to be highly energy-efficient to be installed on portable medical diagnostic devices.Compound semiconductors have been the typical choice for NIR-based photodetectors so far. These compound semiconductors, including gallium-arsenic, however, are quite expensive, have low levels of detectivity in the NIR range, and have not performed well thus far. Most critically, they fail to have the high level of detectivity necessary for medical devices to identify and image damage inside the human body.Prof. Seo’s team has sought to overcome this by laying a quality titanium oxide (TiO2) nanofilm onto a silicone (Si) substrate and controlling the surface characteristics. The researchers have also succeeded in developing a photodetector structure that maximizes optical responsivity using silver nanorays. As a result, the team was able to create a high-performance photodetector promising a much higher switching ratio (≈1E4), detectivity (≈1E11 Jones), and response time (~ 120 μs) than available today. The resulting photodetector is superior in all areas of performance over the NIR photodetectors available today.The alternating photovoltaic current enables the photodetector to generate energy from the rapidly flickering incident rays on its own, eliminating the need to connect it to an outside power source. The photodetector, moreover, generates photovoltaic currents that are nearly 39,000 times greater than direct photovoltaic currents typical of solar cells, making it very well-suited to medical imaging.Prof. Seo’s team has also identified the operating mechanism of the photodetector using Kelvin probe force and electrostatic force microscopy. The alternating incident rays generate inhomogeneous absorption-induced imbalanced carriers inside the semiconductor. The resulting quasi-Fermi level splitting and realignment, the researchers demonstrated, ensures fast response and high detectivity by the photodetector.Prof. Seo: “We successfully imaged internal changes in the muscular tissues of the fingers by scan-imaging them with our photodetector.” He explained, “With this device, we will be able to detect [the locations of] body aches and pain and image them at ultra-high speed. We expect the photodetector will be applied to scanning and diagnosing various other types of changes occurring not just in muscles, but in other parts of the body as well, particularly for pediatric patients.”The team’s research project was made possible in part thanks to the Program for the Future New Material and Original Technology Development Program and the Basic Research Support Program for Experienced Researchers, both from the Ministry of Science and ICT and the National Research Foundation of Korea. A patent application on the invention is now pending.
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A team of researchers including Ajou’s own Prof. Hwang Jon-kook (Department of Chemical Engineering) has developed a new original technology for controlling the shapes of porous nanomaterials. The team’s discovery is expected to help solve current roadblocks to innovation in various fields, including secondary cells and energy storage systems, as well as energy, catalysts, environmental engineering, and medicine.The article, listing Prof. Hwang as the principal author, was published in the August 12 online issue of Science Advances (IF = 13.116, JCR 4.93%), a sister publication of Science. Dr. Kim Seong-seop and Prof. Lee Jin-woo of the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) were also on the team.The title of the article reads: “Polymer blend directed anisotropic self-assembly toward mesoporous inorganic bowls and nanosheets.”The team has developed a new mechanism which can easily control the shapes of molecules and nanostructures by simply combining and heating an organic polymer blend and an inorganic metal oxide precursor. Furthermore, the team demonstrated that the dish-shaped niobium oxide created by applying their method offers the highest-possible levels of performance and safety when used as an anode for a potassium ion battery, which garners attention as a potential material for next-generation secondary batteries.Researchers worldwide have so far sought to control the shapes of porous materials through complex and often expensive methods. These methods, however, failed to ensure precise and efficient control of porous nanostructures and particles. Accordingly, there has been growing demand for a new technique that is simpler, less expensive, and more capable of controlling all relevant factors, including size, structure and shape of pores.Prof. Hwang’s team found a solution in the self-assembly effect of multicomponent polymer blends. Multicomponent polymer blends can assemble themselves into complex and sophisticated nanostructures when certain conditions are met. Although this mechanism has long been known in polymer physics, few actual applications have been made out of it.Prof. Hwang’s team established a design guideline that brings together the self-assembly mechanism of multicomponent polymer blends with inorganic material chemistry, and the result—the anisotropically self-assembled particle (ASAP)—was thus born, promising simple and easy ways to control nanostructure, chemical composition and shape of porous materials.Prof. Hwang explains: “Our work is significant in that it demonstrates, for the first time, that self-assembling polymer blends can be used to solve the problem with synthesizing porous inorganic materials.” He adds, “This means that we can now pioneer new fields of interdisciplinary research that connect polymer physics and inorganic material chemistry.”As a nanoenergy and material specialist, Prof. Hwang has long been researching ways to control the structures and shapes of porous nanomaterials. His future research plans include finding simple methods for synthesizing inorganic porous materials and producing customized designs for electrodes of next-generation secondary batteries.*Pictured: A diagram of ASAP, a porous inorganic material using the self-assembly of a multicomponent polymer blend.
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A team of researchers with the participation of Ajou Professor Park Dae-chan (Department of Biological Sciences) has found a new clue to preventing disruptions to the placenta, vital to fetal growth and nutrition. The team’s discovery of a new factor critical to placental development is expected to catalyze development of new solutions to ensure early fetal health.The team’s article, published in the July 31 online issue of Nucleic Acids Research (Impact factor: 11.501, IF% = 4.882), was entitled, “The chromatin-binding protein PHF6 functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase of H2BK120 via H2BK12Ac recognition for activation of tophectoderman genes.” The team also included Prof. Baek Sung-hee of Seoul National University and Prof. Lee Ji-min of Kangwon National University.The team discovered the importance of an epigenetic factor known as PHF6 in the trophectoderm of the blastocyst in placental formation. Blastocysts are sphere-shaped bundles of cells that contain embryonic stem cells, surrounded by trophectoderms. Trophectoderms form the embryo and the placenta, and how epigenetic factors regulate trophectodermal differentiation has not been understood until now.Based on an mRNA-sequencing genomic analysis, an emerging method for analyzing nucleic sequences, Prof. Park’s team discovered that embryonic stem cells from which PHF6 was removed led to disruptions in the formation of blastocysts and the placenta.PHF6 is an epigenetic factor protein that recognizes histone modifications. The team found that PHF6, by recognizing the chemical modifications (acetyl group) to histone proteins surrounding DNA, additionally binds ubiquitin to the histone. In other words, the researchers confirmed that histone modifications by PHF6 is what regulates the expression of trophectodermal genes in blastocysts.The team explained: “We have demonstrated that it is possible to modify the placental developmental process epigenetically using histone proteins that are dissolved and resynthesized in just days, instead of modifying the DNA nucleic sequences transmitted down the generations.”The research was made possible with the help of the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)’s Leading Research Support, Individual Basic Science and Engineering Research, and New Researcher Support Programs.
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Ajou University continues to diversify its learning programs to help educate and train leaders for the future of artificial intelligence (AI). Having added the departments of AI and AI education to the General and Education Graduate Schools, the University has also opened the Department of AI Convergence for undergraduates, and will start recruiting compound majors and minors in the fall semester.The new Department of AI Convergence will offer an interdisciplinary curriculum designed to respond to the growing demand from industry for AI and big data specialists. Students who join the new department for their compound major or minor requirements will learn the basics of AI and data and develop problem-solving skills using software and AI. The new education will equip them with the skills they need to find satisfying careers in IT and software, and a host of other fields where AI is playing an increasingly important role, such as medicine, finance, social services, education, robotics, and disaster management.Every semester, starting this fall, the new department will accept 50 students already enrolled in the University. Applications will be received from August 5 to 12.With governments, companies, and schools worldwide engaged in a fierce race to develop competent AI workforces and technologies, Ajou has been among the earliest in Korea to seize on AI as an important subject of education, adding new AI-centered programs to the Education and General Graduate Schools. The Department of AI at the General Graduate School provides integrated postgraduate degree programs on core topics of AI, including deep learning and machine learning, and will also begin accepting students in the fall semester.The AI Education major at the Graduate School of Education with support from the Ministry of Education’s AI Convergence Education Capability Enhancement Program for Teachers. Working teachers who participate in this program will obtain master’s degrees and go on to teach all AI-utilizing subjects at actual schools. This department, too, will begin recruiting and accepting students in the fall semester.The AI education program will consist of two tracks: AI education and AI convergence education. The former will provide in-depth courses on AI theory, mathematics- and software-based AI education, and other such subjects teachers need to teach their students. The latter will focus on specialized AI-based pedagogics.
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Ajou University has recently entered a series of agreements designed to enhance the partnership system for fostering campus-based tech startups.On July 24, Ajou signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with Korea Bio Investment Partners [KHTC1](KOBAI). Parties to the memorandum included the University’s Start-up Support Foundation and the Industrial-Academic Cooperation Center as well as N4U Tech Holdings Incorporated. Attending the signing ceremony were Oh Yeong-tae, head of both the Industrial-Academic Cooperation Center and the Start-up Support Foundation; Lee Gi-chil, CEO of KOBAI; and Kim Su-dong, executive director of N4U.Through the memorandum, the parties agreed to work together in supporting tech startups through initial and follow-up investment, entrepreneurial training, sustainable growth strategies, and global expansion; developing programs for fostering entrepreneurship and job creation in advanced industries, including biotechnology and artificial intelligence; promoting exchange between members through a committee to be established; and sharing existing infrastructure, such as the University’s makerspace, for policy projects.KOBAI is a new investment company specializing in early investment and customized entrepreneurial support for tech startups in Korea and abroad, and focuses on advanced industries, particularly biotechnology and artificial intelligence.Mr. Oh remarked: “This is a significant moment as Ajou University is the first government-registered technology accelerator to partner with KOBAI, particularly with the goal of facilitating innovation in biotechnology and healthcare, two of Ajou’s core areas of focus today.” He went on, “We at the University will continue to recruit new investors and expand our network of investment in order to establish a specialized and highly advanced system of collaboration between the Start-up Support Foundation, the Industrial-Academic Cooperation Center, and N4U, toward maximizing partnership synergy.”Another MOU was signed between Ajou’s LINC+ Group, Start-up Support Foundation, and N4U, on the one hand, and the Korea Drug Research Association (KDRA), on the other, on July 29, for the joint management of a biotechnology and healthcare project.The MOU emphasized collaboration over fostering startups in biotechnology and healthcare and recruiting investors for them; supporting business-tailored projects and technology transfers; working together on providing industrial-academic collaboration-based education and training (on-the-job and entrepreneurial alike) to develop a highly skilled workforce; increasing cooperation in the form of joint research and marketization; and promoting exchange between members through a committee.The signing ceremony was followed by Prospective Biotech Startup Investment Forum [KHTC2]2020, which highlighted opportunities for partnership between Korean investors and prospective biotech startups.Ajou’s LINC+ Group, Start-up Support Foundation, and N4U Tech Holdings, which together have undertaken the COVID-19 Rapid Call Project, also took on the task of recruiting prospective startups deserving of investment. Eight Ajou-affiliated enterprises, including Cell & Bio Inc., introduced their technologies at the forum and networked with investors. The COVID-19 Rapid Call Project encompasses all initiatives by Ajou towards enhancing collaboration between businesses and local communities to mount effective responses to the current pandemic.
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Park Hyungju, President of Ajou University, has joined the Committee on Development of Mathematics and Science Education (CDMSE), a public-private partnership launched by the Ministry of Education (MOE) and the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) to look for ways to innovate STEM education in the post-pandemic age.The committee held an inauguration ceremony and first meeting on July 29 and consists of 27 members—all experts from education, research and industry, with Mr. Park appointed its inaugural chair. The first term of the committee will end in June 2021.Attending members watched video clips showing interviews in which students share their thoughts and wishes regarding mathematics and science education. Measures were then discussed on enhancing collaboration between the two ministries on matters of education, particularly focusing on ways to identify and implement collaborative tasks for a new model of mathematics and science education that encourages deep thinking in students.Actions under discussion included establishing intelligent labs on campuses to provide forward-looking AI classes on mathematics and science through experience, developing new learning programs centered on core concepts of the intelligent future (e.g., robotics, aerospace), and establishing a “Star Bridge Center,” Which will serve as a hub for collaboration between schools and specialized research institutions and help develop education and training content and programs.The measures discussed by the committee will be implemented by the end of this year, with both ministries pledging to develop specific measures to enhance collaboration. The committee’s second term will begin in the latter half of next year, with members focusing on developing specific mid- to long-term tasks for collaboration based on ideas shared in the first term.
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A cover image of Chemical Reviews. ©ACS Publications.An article by a team of international researchers, which included Professor Kwak Won-jin (Department of Chemistry/Department of Energy System Research (Graduate)), was published as the cover article for the July 22 online issue of Chemical Reviews.The article, for which Prof. Kwak is a principal author, concerns lithium-oxygen batteries, a next-generation secondary battery system garnering attention worldwide. The team of researchers included Prof. Sun Yang-kook of Hanyang University, Korea; Prof. Doron Aurbach of Bar-Ilan University, Israel; Prof. Peter Bruce of the University of Oxford; and Prof. Linda Nazar of Waterloo University, Canada. Chemical Reviews, published by the American Chemical Society (ACS), is the top-ranked journal in the entire field of chemistry.In the article entitled “Lithium-Oxygen Batteries and Related Systems: Potential, Status, and Future,” Prof. Kwak and his colleagues introduce the findings of their years-long research into the structure of the lithium-oxygen battery, its working mechanism, and related derivative systems. The researchers also discuss the core issues and recent trends in research on the lithium-oxygen battery, and needed practical improvements.A next-generation secondary battery system capable of utilizing oxygen in the air as fuel, the lithium-oxygen battery holds the potential to surpass the theoretical energy density limit of the lithium ion battery used in electric vehicles. Research has abounded on the topic as a result, but there are also considerable obstacles that compromise its commercial viability, such as its short lifecycle as a side effect of reacting with oxygen, its low energy efficiency due to the inevitable creation and dissolution of byproducts. Innovative solutions to these problems are needed.Prof. Kwak explains: “It is exceedingly difficult to improve the lithium oxygen battery’s energy efficiency and reversibility to a viable level, as there are a number of complex factors involved,” adding, “But, insofar as the demand for high-energy-density battery systems continues to grow, we should continue rising to the challenge.”Prof. Kwak will continue his research on the lithium oxygen battery in his new faculty position in the Department of Chemistry at Ajou University, where he was appointed in the spring semester. He has published a number of articles in this year, addressing issues with the lithium oxygen battery and possible solutions.
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